GENERAL DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP

Veterinarians differ considerably in terms of the nature and number of tests that they recommend for a general diagnostic work-up when seizures begin.  There is no one single set of tests that is appropriate for every dog.  However, as a general guideline, we recommend items 1-8 below for the initial diagnostic work-up.  Veterinarians also differ in terms of whether a thorough diagnostic work-up should be done after the first seizure or whether the owner should wait until at least one other seizure has occurred.  Of course, the owner's personal
circumstances must be taken into consideration.  However, if possible, we recommend that the owner does not wait until a second seizure has occurred. There are many disorders that can cause seizures besides idiopathic (primary) epilepsy.
A thorough diagnostic work-up is needed to determine if any of these other disorders are present and require treatment.

1) Complete physical examination.   A thorough physical examination can reveal a variety of factors that can cause seizures.
For example, examination of the eyes may reveal signs of infectious disease.  Abnormal heart and lung sounds may suggest problems that prevent enough oxygen from getting to the brain.  Careful examination and palpation of the body may reveal possible tumors.  These are just a few examples.

2) Neurological examination.  On a general level, a neurological exam involves testing the dog's reflexes, examining his or her coordination, limb strength, position of head, cranial nerve responses, and general attitude. Signs of neurological problems that occur in between seizures suggest disorders other than idiopathic (primary) epilepsy.

3) Complete blood count.

4) Serum Chemistry Profile (after 12-hour fast).

5) Urinalysis.

Together, numbers 3, 4, and 5 can detect a fairly large number of metabolic, infectious, and toxic disorders that can contribute to seizures.

6) Test of bile acids, both 12-hour fasting and 2-hour postprandial (post-meal).  This provides the most accurate assessment of liver function.  With respect to the postprandial test, the "meal" should not be a full meal.  Rather, it should be a high protein, high fat snack designed to stimulate the release of bile acids.  (Give two to four tablespoons of canned food; a growth or recuperative formula isrecommended.)  The main advantage of doing the postprandial bile acids (which many veterinarians do not perform routinely) is to get a sensitive test of
whether the dog may have a portosystemic shunt or cirrhosis.

7) Tests for suspected poisons.  When exposure to specific poisons is suspected, tests for these should be performed.
Common examples include lead (for example, from chewing old paint chips or linoleum) and organophosphates (from exposure to pesticides).

8) Owner observations (commonly called the "history"). Importantly, the owner should provide the veterinarian with as much information about their dog as possible.  Often, owners are the only ones who have knowledge ofsome important diagnostic information.
Understandably, owners will be stressed and will not be thinking their best when their dog has been having seizures.  However, the more information owners can provide to their veterinarian, the better able he or she will be at diagnosing the problem.

     a) First, owners should provide a good description of the seizure episode(s), including the sequence of behaviors that occurs within the episode, the duration (length) of an individual episode, whether episodes vary in terms of what they look like, conditions under which episodes occur, etc.

     b) Owners also should report any neurological signs that occur in between seizures. (This is not to be confused with the post-ictal period, which is the period right after the seizure has ended, when the effects of the seizure may still be noticeable. The post-ictal period can range between a couple minutes to a couple days).
Neurological signs that the owner may notice in between seizures can include:
unusual gait, head tilt, impaired vision (suggested by bumping into things or not responding to moving objects on one side), restlessness, irritability, disorientation, etc.

     c) Owners also should report any medical signs, such as diarrhea, vomiting, runny nose, weight loss or weight gain, fatigue, skin problems,etc.  These signs can suggest a variety of disorders, some of which may
require additional testing.

    d) It also is important that the veterinarian has the dog's complete medical history, including prior diseases, old or recent injuries, vaccination history, disorders that are known to run in the dog's family, etc.

9) Further tests (MRI, CSF, x-rays, EEG, etc.) may be recommended if the dog shows abnormal findings on any of the above.
 

ISSUES RELATED TO AGE

Although seizures from idiopathic epilepsy can begin at almost any age, it is most common for seizures to begin between 1 and 5 years of age.  When dogs begin having seizures at a much younger or much older age, it is
important to give extra consideration to other possible causes.

When dogs begin having seizures at less than one year of age, seizures often are due to infectious diseases (for example, distemper virus) that affect the central nervous system.  Also likely are congenital (present at birth) defects such as hydrocephalus or a portosystemic shunt. Hypoglycemia (due either to infectious disease, parasites, or metabolic disorder) also is a common cause of seizures at this age, particularly in small dogs.
Because puppies are likely to chew on almost anything, the ingestion of poisons also should be suspect with young dogs.

When seizures begin in much older dogs, brain tumors are highly suspect. Tumors can either be primary or secondary. Primary tumors begin in the brain, and are of brain tissue origin.  Secondary tumors (metastatic) begin
elsewhere in the body and spread to the brain.  If your veterinarian suspects secondary tumors, he or she may recommend chest and abdominal radiographs.

As a tumor enlarges in the brain, the pressure put on brain structures is likely to cause additional neurological signs (see #8b above "Owner Observations") in between the seizure episodes.  Thus, the owners should keep a careful eye out for these additional signs since this information can help their veterinarian diagnose the problem.
However, this is by no means completely diagnostic.  Positive diagnosis of a brain tumor can only be made with certainty using a brain scan (MRI or CT scan).

Another kind of tumor that can cause seizures, particularly in older dogs, is a pancreatic tumor that produces too much insulin.
This will lead to hypoglycemia.  In general, you will see at least a hint of this if you do the tests recommended above.  Confirmation of the problem will require further testing.

In the veterinary literature, relatively little is written about cerebrovascular disease (for example, strokes) as a cause of seizures. However, in humans, strokes are a common cause of seizures that begin late in life.  Therefore, some veterinarians suspect that this also may be true for older dogs.
 

ISSUES RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT

Sometimes seizures begin after a move to a new home. Thus, checking out the new home and yard for potential poisons is important.  Of course, it also is advisable to check out a current home and yard since poisons may be
uncovered by your dog at any time.  It also is possible that a dog can get injured in the process of moving to a new home.

If the home is an older house that was remodeled, it is possible that old lead-based paints were exposed, and the dog may have chewed some old paint chips.  Similarly, old linoleum, which contains lead, may be uncovered
during remodeling. Some older homes still may have lead pipes.  Thus, the water may contain lead.  Another possibility to consider is that the fumesfrom new carpet or paint may cause toxic reactions.
Thus, the home should be aired out completely.  If the new home is serviced by gas, one should check carefully for gas leaks. It also is useful to check with the previous owners or landlord to determine what pesticides or herbicides had been used in the house or yard.  If the new home previously was a farm, it is particularly important to check for old batteries and containers of pesticides, fungicides, or herbicides that may have been left.  Another possibility is that the dog may have eaten some poisonous plants.

Owners sometimes wonder about the stress of moving to a new home.  In many dogs and humans, stress can indeed be a trigger for seizures.  However, stress is unlikely to be the sole cause.  When stress is the trigger, it is likely that there are other predisposing factors that make the individual vulnerable to seizures.  For example, stress (either psychological or physical) can trigger seizures in a dog who has inherited idiopathic epilepsy.  Stress also can cause behavioral changes (such as changes in eating or drinking) or hormonal changes that may exacerbate already existing physical problems.  Thus, it is important to look for other factors besides stress that predispose an individual to seizures.